Digital reconstruction of the skull of Sarmientosaurus musacchioi
3D models of Peratherium musivum and Pt. maximum (early Eocene, France)
3D models of amphisbaenians from the Paleogene of North Africa
3D GM dataset of bird skeletal variation
Skeletal embryonic development in the catshark
Bony connexions of the petrosal bone of extant hippos
bony labyrinth (11) , inner ear (10) , Eocene (8) , South America (8) , Paleobiogeography (7) , skull (7) , phylogeny (6)
Maëva Judith Orliac (21) , Lionel Hautier (21) , Laurent Marivaux (14) , Bastien Mennecart (12) , Pierre-Olivier Antoine (11) , Renaud Lebrun (10) , Rodolphe Tabuce (10)
MorphoMuseuM Volume 09, issue 03
<< prev. article next article >>
![]() |
Original article : fossil reconstructionVirtual reconstruction of a Late Jurassic metriorhynchid skull from Switzerland and its use for scientific illustration and paleoartSophie De Sousa Oliveira, Léa Girard
Published online: 19/07/2023 |
![]() |
M3#1037Left dentary (3 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1037 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1038Right dentary (3 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1038 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1039Left ramus (2 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1039 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1040Right ramus (3 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1040 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1041Left splenial (2 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1041 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1042Right splenial (2 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1042 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1043Frontal and left prefrontal Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1043 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1044Left maxilla (4 meshes) Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1044 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1045Right maxilla Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1045 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1046Left nasal Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1046 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1047Right nasal Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1047 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1048Parietal Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1048 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1049Right postorbital Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1049 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1050Right prefrontal Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1050 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1051Right premaxilla Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1051 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1052Left squamosal Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1052 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1053Right squamosal Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1053 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1054Reconstruction of the mandible Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1054 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
![]() |
M3#1055Reconstruction of the cranium Type: "3D_surfaces"doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1055 state:published |
Download 3D surface file |
Abel, P., S. Sachs, and M. T. Young. 2020. Metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs from the lower Kimmeridgian of Southern Germany: evidence for a new large-bodied geosaurin lineage in Europe. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 44:312–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2019.1701079
Andrade, M. B., M. T. Young, J. B. Desojo, and S. L. Brusatte. 2010. The evolution of extreme hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) based on evidence from microscopic denticle morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30:1451–1465. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2010.501442
Andrews, C. W. 1913. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay, Part II. British Museum (Natural History), London, 206 p.
Arratia, G., H.-P. Schultze, H. Tischlinger, and G. Viohl. 2015. Solnhofen. Ein Fenster in Die Jurazeit. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, 620 p.
Barrientos-Lara, J. I., Y. Herrera, M. S. Fernández, and J. Alvarado-Ortega. 2016. Occurrence of Torvoneustes (Crocodylomorpha, Metriorhynchidae) in marine Jurassic deposits of Oaxaca, Mexico. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 19:415–424. https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2016.3.07
Castanera, D., M. Belvedere, D. Marty, G. Paratte, M. Lapaire-Cattin, C. Lovis, and C. A. Meyer. 2018. A walk in the maze: variation in Late Jurassic tridactyl dinosaur tracks from the Swiss Jura Mountains (NW Switzerland). PeerJ, 6:e4579. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4579
Cau, A., and F. Fanti. 2011. The oldest known metriorhynchid crocodylian from the Middle Jurassic of North-eastern Italy: Neptunidraco ammoniticus gen. et sp. nov. Gondwana Research, 19:550–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.07.007
Comment, G., A. Lefort, J. Koppka, and P. Hantzpergue. 2015. Le Kimméridgien d’Ajoie (Jura, Suisse) : lithostratigraphie et biostratigraphie de la Formation de Reuchenette. Revue de Paléobiologie, 34:161–194. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34341
Farlow, J. O., G. R. Hurlburt, R. M. Elsey, A. R. C. Britton, and W. Langston. 2005. Femoral dimensions and body size of Alligator mississippiensis: estimating the size of extinct mesoeucrocodylians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25:354–369. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0354:FDABSO]2.0.CO;2
Fernández, M., and Z. Gasparini. 2000. Salt glands in a Tithonian metriorhynchid crocodyliform and their physiological significance. Lethaia, 33:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/002411600750053835
Fernández, M., and Z. Gasparini. 2008. Salt glands in the Jurassic metriorhynchid Geosaurus: implications for the evolution of osmoregulation in Mesozoic marine crocodyliforms. Naturwissenschaften, 95:79–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-007-0296-1
Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Braumüller et Seidel, Vienna, 134 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4694
Fraas, E. 1901. Die Meerkrokodile (Thalattosuchia n. g.) eine neue Sauriergruppe der Juraformation. Ahreshefte Des Vereins Für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 57:409–418.
Fraas, E. 1902. Die Meer-Crocodilier (Thalattosuchia) des oberen Jura unter specieller Berücksichtigung von Dacosaurus und Geosaurus. Palaeontographica, 49:1–72.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. 1831. Recherches Sur de Grands Sauriens Trouvés à l’état Fossile Aux Confins Maritimes de La Basse-Normandie, Attribués d’abord Au Crocodile, Puis Déterminés Sous Les Noms de Teleosaurus et Steneosaurus. Firmin Didot, Paris, 138 p.
Girard, L., S. De sousa oliveira, I. Raselli, J. E. Martin, and J. Anquetin. In press. Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new specimen of Metriorhynchidae (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) from the Kimmeridgian of Switzerland. PeerJ. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15512
Grange, D. R., and M. J. Benton. 1996. Kimmeridgian metriorhynchid crocodiles from England. Palaeontology, 39:497–514.
Herrera, Y., M. S. Fernández, and Z. Gasparini. 2013. Postcranial skeleton of Cricosaurus araucanensis (Crocodyliformes: Thalattosuchia): morphology and palaeobiological insights. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 37:285–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2013.743709
Joyce, W. G., M. Mäuser, and S. W. Evers. 2021. Two turtles with soft tissue preservation from the platy limestones of Germany provide evidence for marine flipper adaptations in Late Jurassic thalassochelydians. PLOS ONE, 16:e0252355. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252355
Leuzinger, L., C. Püntener, and J.-P. Billon-Bruyat. 2017a. Vertébrés Mésozoïques – Poissons. Office de la culture, Paléontologie A16, Porrentruy, 250 p.
Leuzinger, L., G. Cuny, E. Popov, and J.-P. Billon-Bruyat. 2017b. A new chondrichthyan fauna from the Late Jurassic of the Swiss Jura (Kimmeridgian) dominated by hybodonts, chimaeroids and guitarfishes. Papers in Palaeontology, 3:471–511. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1085
Lydekker, R. 1889. On the remains and affinities of five genera of Mesozoic reptiles. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 45:41–59. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1889.045.01-04.04
Marty, D., J. Ayer, D. Becker, J.-P. Berger, J.-P. Billon-Bruyat, L. Braillard, W. A. Hug, and C. A. Meyer. 2007. Late Jurassic dinosaur tracksites of the Transjurane highway (Canton Jura, NW Switzerland): overview and measures for their protection and valorisation. Swiss Bulletin Für Angewandte Geologie, 12:75–89.
Marty, D., M. Belvedere, N. L. Razzolini, M. G. Lockley, G. Paratte, M. Cattin, C. Lovis, and C. A. Meyer. 2018. The tracks of giant theropods (Jurabrontes curtedulensis ichnogen. & ichnosp. nov.) from the Late Jurassic of NW Switzerland: palaeoecological & palaeogeographical implications. Historical Biology, 30:928–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1324438
Massare, J. A. 1988. Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: implications for method of predation. Paleobiology, 14:187–205. https://doi.org/10.1017/S009483730001191X
Morhardt, A. C. 2009. Dinosaur smiles: do the texture and morphology of the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary bones of sauropsids provide osteological correlates for inferring extra-oral structures reliably in dinosaurs? Master Thesis, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois, USA, 55 p.
Paratte, G., V. Friedli, and G. Comment. 2019. PaléOdyssée : 20 Ans de Recherches Au Fil de La Transjurane. Office de la culture et Société jurassienne d’émulation, Porrentruy, Switzerland, p.
Parrilla-Bel, J., M. T. Young, M. Moreno-Azanza, and J. I. Canudo. 2013. The first metriorhynchid crocodylomorph from the Middle Jurassic of Spain, with implications for evolution of the subclade Rhacheosaurini. PLoS ONE, 8:e54275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054275
Philippe, M., J.-P. Billon-Bruyat, J. C. Garcia-Ramos, L. Bocat, B. Gomez, and L. Piñuela. 2010. New occurrences of the wood Protocupressinoxylon purbeckensis Francis: Implications for terrestrial biomes in southwestern Europe at the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. Palaeontology, 53:201–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00926.x
Pol, D., and Z. Gasparini. 2009. Skull anatomy of Dakosaurus andiniensis (Thalattosuchia: Crocodylomorpha) and the phylogenetic position of Thalattosuchia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 7:163–197. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201908002605
Püntener, C., and J.-P. Billon-Bruyat. 2017. Plantes Mésozoïques – Bois. Office de la culture, Paléontologie A16, Porrentruy, 90 p.
Püntener, C., J. Anquetin, and J.-P. Billon-Bruyat. 2015. Thalassemys bruntrutana n. sp., a new coastal marine turtle from the Late Jurassic of Porrentruy (Switzerland), and the paleobiogeography of the Thalassemydidae. PeerJ, 3:e1282. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1282
Püntener, C., J. Anquetin, and J.-P. Billon-Bruyat. 2017. Vertébrés mésozoïques – Tortues. Office de la culture, Paléontologie A16, Porrentruy, 358 p.
Razzolini, N. L., M. Belvedere, D. Marty, G. Paratte, C. Lovis, M. Cattin, and C. A. Meyer. 2017. Megalosauripus transjuranicus ichnosp. nov. A new Late Jurassic theropod ichnotaxon from NW Switzerland and implications for tridactyl dinosaur ichnology and ichnotaxomy. PLOS ONE, 12:e0180289. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180289
Sachs, S., M. Young, P. Abel, and H. Mallison. 2019. A new species of the metriorhynchid crocodylomorph Cricosaurus from the Upper Jurassic of southern Germany. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 64:343–356. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00541.2018
Sachs, S., M. Young, P. Abel, and H. Mallison. 2021. A new species of Cricosaurus (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) based upon a remarkably well-preserved skeleton from the Upper Jurassic of Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica, 24:a24. https://doi.org/10.26879/928
Schaefer, K., C. Püntener, and J.-P. Billon-Bruyat. 2018. Vertébrés Mésozoïques – Crocodiliens. Office de la culture, Paléontologie A16, Porrentruy, 184 p.
Sereno, P. C., H. C. E. Larsson, C. A. Sidor, and B. Gado. 2001. The giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Africa. Science, 294:1516–1519. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066521
Spindler, F., R. Lauer, H. Tischlinger, and M. Mäuser. 2021. The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae). Palaeontologia Electronica, 24:a25. https://doi.org/10.26879/1099
Waskow, K., D. Grzegorczyk, and P. M. Sander. 2018. The first record of Tyrannoneustes (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae): a complete skull from the Callovian (late Middle Jurassic) of Germany. PalZ, 92:457–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-017-0395-z
Westphal, F. 1962. Die Krokodilier des deutschen und englischen oberen Lias. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, 118:23–118.
Wilkinson, L. E., M. T. Young, and M. J. Benton. 2008. A new metriorhynchid crocodilian (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Whiltshire, UK. Palaeontology, 51:1307–1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00818.x
Witton, M. P. 2018. The Palaeoartist’s Handbook: Recreating Prehistoric Animals in Art. Crowood Press, Marlborough, 224 p.
Wu, X.-C., A. P. Russell, and S. L. Cumbaa. 2001. Terminonaris (Archosauria: Crocodyliformes): new material from Saskatchewan, Canada, and comments on its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21:492–514. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0492:TACNMF]2.0.CO;2
Young, M. T., and M. B. Andrade. 2009. What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157:551–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00536.x
Young, M. T., M. A. Bell, and S. L. Brusatte. 2011a. Craniofacial form and function in Metriorhynchidae (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia): modelling phenotypic evolution with maximum-likelihood methods. Biology Letters, 7:913–916. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0357
Young, M. T., S. L. Brusatte, M. Ruta, and M. B. Andrade. 2010. The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (Mesoeucrocodylia, Thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158:801–859. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00571.x
Young, M. T., M. A. Bell, M. B. Andrade, and S. L. Brusatte. 2011b. Body size estimation and evolution in metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs: implications for species diversification and niche partitioning. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163:1199–1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00734.x
Young, M. T., M. B. Andrade, S. Etches, and B. L. Beatty. 2013. A new metriorhynchid crocodylomorph from the Lower Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Late Jurassic) of England, with implications for the evolution of dermatocranium ornamentation in Geosaurini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169:820–848. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12082
Young, M. T., S. Sachs, P. Abel, D. Foffa, Y. Herrera, and J. J. N. Kitson. 2020. Convergent evolution and possible constraint in the posterodorsal retraction of the external nares in pelagic crocodylomorphs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 189:494–520. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa021
Young, M. T., A. Brignon, S. Sachs, J. J. Hornung, D. Foffa, J. J. N. Kitson, M. M. Johnson, and L. Steel. 2021. Cutting the Gordian knot: a historical and taxonomic revision of the Jurassic crocodylomorph Metriorhynchus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 192:510–553. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa092
Young, M. T., S. L. Brusatte, M. B. Andrade, J. B. Desojo, B. L. Beatty, L. Steel, M. S. Fernández, M. Sakamoto, J. I. Ruiz-Omeñaca, and R. R. Schoch. 2012. The cranial osteology and feeding ecology of the metriorhynchid crocodylomorph genera Dakosaurus and Plesiosuchus from the Late Jurassic of Europe. PLoS ONE, 7:e44985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044985
Léa C. Girard, Sophie De Sousa Oliveira, Irena Raselli, Jeremy E. Martin and Jérémy Anquetin (2023). Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new species of Torvoneustes (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) from the Kimmeridgian of Switzerland. PeerJ. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15512