This contribution contains 3D models of the cranial endoskeleton of three specimens of the Permian ‘acanthodian’ stem-group chondrichthyan (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodes confusus, obtained using computed tomography. These datasets were described and analyzed in Dearden et al. (2024) “3D models related to the publication: The pharynx of the iconic stem-group chondrichthyan Acanthodes Agassiz, 1833 revisited with micro computed tomography.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 

Acanthodes confusus MNHN-F-SAA20 View specimen

M3#1470 3D surfaces representing the three-dimensionally fossilised head of Acanthodes confusus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1470   state:published

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Acanthodes confusus MNHN-F-SAA21 View specimen

M3#1471 3D surfaces representing the three-dimensionally fossilised head of Acanthodes confusus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1471   state:published

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Acanthodes confusus MNHN-F-SAA24 View specimen

M3#1472 3D surfaces representing the three-dimensionally fossilised head of Acanthodes confusus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1472   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D models described and figured in: New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna). Geodiversitas. 

Megadolodus molariformes VPPLT 974 View specimen

M3#1020 Partial mandible with the symphysis and left body, bearing the alveoli of ?i2, right and left ?i3, alveolus of right c and p1, roots of left p1, and the left p2–m3 of Megadolodus molariformes (Litopterna, Mammalia) Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1020   state:published

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Neodolodus colombianus VPPLT 1696 View specimen

	M3#1021 Almost complete skull with left and right ?I2 and P1–M3 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1021   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1022 Partial mandible with complete right and left dentition except for left ?i2 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1022   state:published	Download 3D surface file

The present 3D dataset contains the 3D models of the holotype of Proterochampsa nodosa that were built and analysed in “Redescription, taxonomic revaluation, and phylogenetic affinities of Proterochampsa nodosa (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae), early Late Triassic of Candelaria Sequence (Santa Maria Supersequence)”. 

Proterochampsa nodosa MCP 1694-PV View specimen

M3#974 3D models of Proterochampsa nodosa. Model 1: skull. Model 2: mandible. Model 3: left mandibular ramus. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.974   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains 26 3D models analyzed in the study: On the “cartilaginous rider” in the endocasts of turtle brain cavities, published by the authors in the journal Vertebrate Zoology. 

Annemys sp. IVPP-V-18106 View specimen

M3#772 3D surface(s) file to specimen IVPP-V-18106 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.772   state:published

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Apalone spinifera FMNH 22178 View specimen

M3#773 3D surface(s) file to specimen FMNH 22178 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.773   state:published

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Caretta caretta NHMUK1940.3.15.1 View specimen

M3#786 3D surface(s) file to specimen NHMUK1940.3.15.1 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.786   state:published

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Chelodina reimanni ZMB 49659 View specimen

M3#774 3D surface(s) file to specimen ZMB 49659 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.774   state:published

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Chelonia mydas ZMB-37416MS View specimen

M3#775 3D surface(s) file to specimen ZMB-37416MS Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.775   state:published

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Cuora amboinensis NHMUK69.42.145_4 View specimen

M3#776 3D surface(s) file to specimen NHMUK69.42.145_4 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.776   state:published

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Emydura subglobosa IW92 View specimen

M3#777 3D surface(s) file to specimen IW92 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.777   state:published

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Eubaena cephalica DMNH 96004 View specimen

M3#778 3D surface(s) file to specimen DMNH 96004 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.778   state:published

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Gopherus berlandieri AMNH-73816 View specimen

M3#779 3D surface(s) file to specimen AMNH-73816 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.779   state:published

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Kinixys belliana AMNH-10028 View specimen

M3#780 3D surface(s) file to specimen AMNH-10028 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.780   state:published

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Macrochelys temminckii GPIT-PV-79430 View specimen

M3#781 3D surface(s) file to specimen GPIT-PV-79430 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.781   state:published

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Malacochersus tornieri SMF-58702 View specimen

M3#787 3D surface(s) file to specimen SMF-58702 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.787   state:published

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Naomichelys speciosa FMNH-PR-273 View specimen

M3#782 3D surface(s) file to specimen FMNH-PR-273 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.782   state:published

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Pelodiscus sinensis IW576-2 View specimen

M3#783 3D surface(s) file to specimen IW576-2 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.783   state:published

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Platysternon megacephalum SMF-69684 View specimen

M3#784 3D surface(s) file to specimen SMF-69684 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.784   state:published

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Podocnemis unifilis SMF-55470 View specimen

M3#785 3D surface(s) file to specimen SMF-55470 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.785   state:published

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Proganochelys quenstedtii MB 1910.45.2 View specimen

M3#788 3D surface(s) file to specimen MB 1910.45.2 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.788   state:published

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Proganochelys quenstedtii SMNS 16980 View specimen

M3#789 3D surface(s) file to specimen SMNS 16980 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.789   state:published

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Rhinochelys pulchriceps CAMSM_B55775 View specimen

M3#790 3D surface(s) file to specimen CAMSM_B55775 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.790   state:published

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Rhinoclemmys funereal YPM12174 View specimen

M3#791 3D surface(s) file to specimen YPM12174 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.791   state:published

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Sandownia harrisi MIWG3480 View specimen

M3#792 3D surface(s) file to specimen MIWG3480 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.792   state:published

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Testudo graeca YPM14342 View specimen

M3#793 3D surface(s) file to specimen YPM14342 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.793   state:published

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Testudo hermanni AMNH134518 View specimen

M3#794 3D surface(s) file to specimen AMNH134518 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.794   state:published

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Trachemys scripta NN View specimen

M3#795 3D surface(s) file to specimen Trachemys scripta Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.795   state:published

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Xinjiangchelys radiplicatoides IVPP V9539 View specimen

M3#796 3D surface(s) file to specimen IVPP V9539 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.796   state:published

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Chelydra serpentina UFR VP1 View specimen

M3#801 Brain endocast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.801   state:published

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This contribution contains 3D models of the cranial skeleton and muscles in an elephantfish (Callorhinchus milii) and a catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), based on synchrotron tomographic scans. These datasets were analyzed and described in Dearden et al. (2021) “The morphology and evolution of chondrichthyan cranial muscles: a digital dissection of the elephantfish Callorhinchus milii and the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula.” Journal of Anatomy. 

Callorhinchus milii 001 View specimen

M3#708 3D models of the cranial skeleton and muscles of Callorhinchus milii, created using Mimics. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.708   state:published

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Scyliorhinus canicula 002 View specimen

M3#709 3D models of the cranial skeleton and muscles of Scyliorhinus canicula, created using Mimics. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.709   state:published

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This contribution includes the 3D models of the reconstructed ossicular chain of the cainotheriid Caenomeryx filholi from the late Oligocene locality of Pech Desse (MP28, Quercy, France) described and figured in the publication of Assemat et al. (2020). It represents the oldest ossicular chain reconstruction for a Paleogene terrestrial artiodactyl species. 

Caenomeryx filholi UM PDS 3353 View specimen

M3#508 reconstruction of the middle ear with petrosal, bulla, stapes, incus, malleus Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.508   state:published

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The present contribution contains the 3D virtual restoration of a Pliocene Lutrine right femur of Tobène, Senegal, described and figured in Lihoreau et al. (2021) : "A fossil terrestrial fauna from Tobène (Senegal) provides a unique early Pliocene window in Western Africa ". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.06.013 

Indet indet SN-Tob-12-02 View specimen

M3#441 Virtual restoration of SN-Tob-12-02 Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.441   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D model described and figured in the following publication: Dubied, M., Mennecart, B. and Solé, F. 2019. The cranium of Proviverra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution. Palaeontology. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12437 

Proviverra typica NMB Em18 View specimen

M3#355 The file contain the cranium (yellow) and the endocast (blue) of the facial part and the brain case part of the type specimen of Proviverra typica (NMB Em18). Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.355   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in the following publication: Solé et al. (2018), Niche partitioning of the European carnivorous mammals during the paleogene. Palaios. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2018.022 

Hyaenodon leptorhynchus FSL848325 View specimen

M3#336 The specimen FSL848325 is separated in two fragments: the anterior part bears the incisors, the deciduous and permanent canines, while the posterior part bears the right P3, P4, M1 and M2. The P2 is isolated. When combined, the cranium length is approximatively 10.5 cm long. The anterior part is 6.9 cm long and 2.15 cm wide (taken at the level of the P1). The posterior part is 4.8 cm long. The anterior part of the cranium is very narrow. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.336   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D models described and figured in the following publication: Tissier et al. (in prep.). 

Sellamynodon zimborensis UBB MPS 15795 View specimen

M3#297 Incomplete skull with left M3. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.297   state:published

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Sellamynodon zimborensis UBB MPS 15795 View specimen

M3#298 Mandible with complete molar and premolar rows, lacking symphysis. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.298   state:published

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Amynodontopsis aff. bodei UBB MPS V545 View specimen

M3#299 Maxillary fragment with M1-3. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.299   state:published

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Amynodontopsis aff. bodei UBB MPS V546 View specimen

M3#300 Unworn m1/2 on mandible fragment. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.300   state:published

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The presented dataset contains the 3D surface scan of the holotype of Birgeria americana, a partial skull described and depicted in: Romano, C., Jenks, J.F., Jattiot, R., Scheyer, T.M., Bylund, K.G. & Bucher, H. 2017. Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from Elko County (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse. Journal of Paleontology. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2017.36 . 

Birgeria americana NMMNH P-66225 View specimen

M3#175 NMMNH P-66225 is from upper lower Smithian to lower upper Smithian beds (Thaynes Group). The collecting site is located about 2.75 km south-southeast of the Winecup Ranch, east-central Elko County, Nevada, USA. P-66225 is a partial skull preserved within a large limestone nodule, with its right side exposed. It preserves the portion between the cleithrum posteriorly, and the level of the hind margin of the orbital opening anteriorly. The fossil has a length of 26 cm. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.175   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology. doi: 10.1111/pala.12244
  

cf. Nothrotherium indet. MUN STRI 12924 View specimen

M3#106 Fragmentary basicranium with posterior portion of the skull roof. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.106   state:published

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indet. indet. MUN STRI 16535 View specimen

M3#107 Complete left ulna of a Scelidotheriinae gen. et sp. indet. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.107   state:published

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Archaeozoological studies are increasingly using new methods and approaches to explore questions about domestication. Here, we provide 3D models of three archaeological Canis lupus skulls from Belgium originating from the sites of Goyet (31,680±250BP; 31,890+240/-220BP), Trou des Nutons (21,810±90BP) and Trou Balleux (postglacial). Since their identification as either wolves or early dogs is still debated, we present these models as additional tools for further investigating their evolutionary history and the history of dog domestication. 

Canis lupus Goyet 2860 View specimen

M3#21 3D surface model of the cranium of the Late Pleistocene Canis lupus "Goyet 2860" from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf21   state:published

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Canis lupus Trou Balleux no-nr View specimen

M3#22 3D surface model of the cranium of the Late Pleistocene Canis lupus "Trou Balleux no-nr" from the University of Liège, Belgium Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf22   state:published

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Canis lupus Trou des Nutons 2559-1 View specimen

M3#23 3D surface model of the cranium of the Late Pleistocene Canis lupus "Trou des Nutons 2559-1" from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf23   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D model described and figured in the following publication: Billet G., Germain D., Ruf I., Muizon C. de, Hautier L. 2013. The inner ear of Megatherium and the evolution of the vestibular system in sloths. Journal of Anatomy 123:557-567, DOI: 10.1111/joa.12114. 

Megatherium americanum MNHN.F.PAM276 View specimen

M3#14 This model corresponds to a virtually reconstructed bony labyrinth of the right inner ear of the skull MNHN-F-PAM 276, attributed to the extinct giant ground sloth Megatherium americanum. The fossil comes from Pleistocene deposits at Rio Salado (Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina). The bony labyrinth of Megatherium shows semicircular canals that are proportionally much larger than in the modern two-toed and three-toed sloths. The cochlea in Megatherium shows 2.5 turns, which is a rather high value within Xenarthra. Overall, the shape of the bony labyrinth of Megatherium resembles more that of extant armadillos than that of its extant sloth relatives. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf14   state:published

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The holotype of Hamadasuchus rebouli Buffetaut 1994 from the Kem Kem beds of Morocco (Late Albian – Cenomanian) consists of a left dentary which is limited, fragmentary and reconstructed in some areas. To aid in assessing if the original diagnosis can be considered as valid, the specimen was CT scanned for the first time. This is especially important to resolve the taxonomic status of certain specimens that have been assigned to Hamadasuchus rebouli since then. The reconstructed structures in this contribution are in agreement with the original description, notably in terms of alveolar count; thus the original diagnosis of this taxon remains valid and some specimens are not referable to H. rebouli anymore. 

Hamadasuchus rebouli MDE C001 View specimen

	M3#1402 Dentary and teeth Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1402   state:published	Download 3D surface file
	M3#1403 Toothmarks Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1403   state:published	Download 3D surface file

The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in the following publication: Carolina A. Hoffmann, A. G. Martinelli & M. B. Andrade. 2023. Anatomy of the holotype of “Probelesodon” kitchingi revisited, a chiniquodontid cynodont (Synapsida, Probainognathia) from the early Late Triassic of southern Brazil, Journal of Paleontology 

Probelesodon kitchingi MCP 1600 PV View specimen

M3#1151 3D models of the skull with segmented bones and without the segmentation. colormap and orientation files also added. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.1151   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in Presence of the ground sloth Valgipes bucklandi (Xenarthra, Folivora, Scelidotheriinae) in southern Uruguay during the Late Pleistocene: Ecological and biogeographical implications. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.011 

Valgipes bucklandi CAV 1573 View specimen

M3#797 Left tibia-fibula Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.797   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D models of postcranial bones (humerus, ulna, innominate, femur, tibia, astragalus, navicular, and metatarsal III) described and figured in the following publication: “Postcranial morphology of the extinct rodent Neoepiblema (Rodentia: Chinchilloidea): insights into the paleobiology of neoepiblemids”. 

Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 3549 View specimen

M3#719 UFAC 3549, left humerus missing the proximal region. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.719   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 5076 View specimen

M3#720 UFAC 5076, right humerus missing the proximal region. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.720   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 1939 View specimen

M3#721 UFAC 1939, right ulna missing the olecranon epiphysis and the distal region. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.721   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 3697 View specimen

M3#722 UFAC 3697, right innominate bone. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.722   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 2574 View specimen

M3#723 UFAC 2574, proximal region of a left femur. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.723   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 2937 View specimen

M3#724 UFAC 2937, right femur with damaged proximal region. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.724   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 2210 View specimen

M3#725 UFAC 2210, distal region of a right femur. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.725   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 1887 View specimen

M3#726 UFAC 1887, right tibia Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.726   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 1840 View specimen

M3#727 UFAC 1840, left astragalus. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.727   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 2549 View specimen

M3#728 UFAC 2549, right astragalus. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.728   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 3672 View specimen

M3#729 UFAC 3672, right navicular. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.729   state:published

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Neoepiblema acreensis UFAC 2116 View specimen

M3#730 UFAC 2116, left metatarsal III. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.730   state:published

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Neoepiblema horridula UFAC 3260 View specimen

M3#731 UFAC 3260, fragmented left innominate. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.731   state:published

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Neoepiblema horridula UFAC 2620 View specimen

M3#732 UFAC 2620, distal region of a right femur. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.732   state:published

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Neoepiblema horridula UFAC 2737 View specimen

M3#733 UFAC 2737, proximal region of right femur. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.733   state:published

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Neoepiblema horridula UFAC 3202 View specimen

M3#734 UFAC 3202, right tibia, missing the proximalmost and distal portions. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.734   state:published

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Neoepiblema horridula UFAC 3212 View specimen

M3#735 UFAC 3212, left astragalus. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.735   state:published

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This contribution contains the 3D models described and figured in the following publication: Paulina-Carabajal A and Calvo JO 2021. Re-description of the braincase of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Limaysaurus tessonei and novel endocranial information based on CT scans. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 93(Suppl. 2): e20200762 https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202120200762 

Limaysaurus tessonei MUCPv-205 View specimen

M3#700 Renderings of the virtually isolate braincase, brain, and right inner ear. Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.700   state:published

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The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of the brain endocast analyzed in “Virtual brain endocast of Antifer (Mammalia: Cervidae), an extinct large cervid from South America”. 

Antifer ensenadensis U-4922 View specimen

M3#550 Brain endocast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.550   state:published

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Antifer ensenadensis MCN-PV 943 View specimen

M3#551 Brain endocast Type: "3D_surfaces" doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.551   state:published

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