Current issue


2025-09
Volume 11, issue 03
<< prev. next >>
ISSN: 2274-0422

Article Management

You must log in to submit or manage articles.

You do not have an account yet ? Sign up.

Most downloaded articles (last month)


Page 7 of 10, showing 20 record(s) out of 196 total

3D models related to the publication: Sacral co-ossification in dinosaurs: the oldest record of fused sacral vertebrae in Dinosauria and the diversity of sacral co-ossification patterns in the group
Débora Moro Logo, Leonardo Kerber Logo, Rodrigo T. Müller Logo and Flávio A. Pretto Logo
Published online: 10/11/2020

Keywords:

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.132

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of the sacral vertebrae analyzed in “Sacral co-ossification in dinosaurs: The oldest record of fused sacral vertebrae in Dinosauria and the diversity of sacral co-ossification patterns in the group”.
      

  Specimens
 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 06, issue 05 (2020)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: Early Oligocene chinchilloid caviomorphs from Puerto Rico and the initial rodent colonization of the West Indies
Laurent Marivaux Logo, Jorge Velez-Juarbe Logo and Pierre-Olivier Antoine Logo
Published online: 07/09/2020

Keywords: Caribbean islands; Caviomorpha; Paleobiogeography; Paleogene; Rodentia

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.127

  Abstract

    This contribution contains the 3D models of the fossil teeth of two chinchilloid caviomorph rodents (Borikenomys praecursor and Chinchilloidea gen. et sp. indet.) discovered from lower Oligocene deposits of Puerto Rico, San Sebastian Formation (locality LACM Loc. 8060). These fossils were described and figured in the following publication: Marivaux et al. (2020), Early Oligocene chinchilloid caviomorphs from Puerto Rico and the initial rodent colonization of the West Indies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2806 

  Specimens

    Borikenomys praecursor LACM 162447 View specimen

    M3#638

    Right lower m3. This isolated tooth was scanned with a resolution of 6 µm using a μ-CT-scanning station EasyTom 150 / Rx Solutions (Montpellier RIO Imaging, ISE-M, Montpellier, France). AVIZO 7.1 (Visualization Sciences Group) software was used for visualization, segmentation, and 3D rendering. The specimen was prepared within a “labelfield” module of AVIZO, using the segmentation threshold selection tool.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.638   state:published




    Download 3D surface file

    Borikenomys praecursor LACM 162446 View specimen

    M3#639

    Fragment of lower molar (most of the mesial part). This isolated broken tooth was scanned with a resolution of 6 µm using a μ-CT-scanning station EasyTom 150 / Rx Solutions (Montpellier RIO Imaging, ISE-M, Montpellier, France). AVIZO 7.1 (Visualization Sciences Group) software was used for visualization, segmentation, and 3D rendering. The specimen was prepared within a “labelfield” module of AVIZO, using the segmentation threshold selection tool.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.639   state:published




    Download 3D surface file

    indet indet LACM 162448 View specimen

    M3#640

    Fragment of either an upper tooth (mesial laminae) or a lower tooth (distal laminae). The specimen was scanned with a resolution of 6 µm using a μ-CT-scanning station EasyTom 150 / Rx Solutions (Montpellier RIO Imaging, ISE-M, Montpellier, France). AVIZO 7.1 (Visualization Sciences Group) software was used for visualization, segmentation, and 3D rendering. This fragment of tooth was prepared within a “labelfield” module of AVIZO, using the segmentation threshold selection tool.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.640   state:published




    Download 3D surface file


 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 06, issue 04 (2020)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: Siphonodella leiosa (Conodonta), a new unornamented species from the Tournaisian (lower Carboniferous) of Puech de la Suque (Montagne Noire, France).
Louise Souquet Logo, Carlo Corradini Logo and Catherine Girard
Published online: 21/07/2020

Keywords: Carboniferous; Conodonts; Holotype; Montagne Noire; Siphonodella

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.115

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of the holotype and the paratypes of the new species Siphonodella leiosa described and analyzed in the following publication: L. Souquet, C. Corradini, C. Girard: Siphonodella leiosa (Conodonta), a new unornamented species from the Tournaisian (lower Carboniferous) of Puech de la Suque (Montagne Noire, France). Geobios, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.06.004

  Specimens
 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 06, issue 03 (2020)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: One skull to rule them all? Descriptive and comparative anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in five mice species based on traditional and digital dissections.
Samuel Ginot Logo, Julien Claude Logo and Lionel Hautier Logo
Published online: 04/09/2018

Keywords: Dissection; iodine-enhanced CT-scan; Masticatory musculature; Murinae; skull myology

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.65

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in the article entitled "One skull to rule them all? Descriptive and comparative anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in five mice species based on traditional and digital dissections" (Ginot et al. 2018, Journal of Morphology, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20845). 

  Specimens

    Mus cervicolor R7314 View specimen

    M3#343

    .ply surfaces of the skull and masticatory muscles of Mus cervicolor. Created with MorphoDig, .pos and .ntw files also included. Scans were obtained thanks to the Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier MRI platform.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.343   state:published




    Download 3D surface file

    Mus caroli R7264 View specimen

    M3#344

    .ply surfaces of the skull and masticatory muscles of Mus caroli. Created with MorphoDig, .pos and .ntw files also included. Scans were obtained thanks to the Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier MRI platform.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.344   state:published




    Download 3D surface file

    Mus fragilicauda R7260 View specimen

    M3#345

    .ply surfaces of the skull and masticatory muscles of Mus fragilicauda. Created with MorphoDig, .pos and .ntw files also included. Scans were obtained thanks to the Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier MRI platform.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.345   state:published




    Download 3D surface file

    Mus pahari R7226 View specimen

    M3#346

    .ply surfaces of the skull and masticatory muscles of Mus pahari. Created with MorphoDig, .pos and .ntw files also included. Scans were obtained thanks to the Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier MRI platform.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.346   state:published




    Download 3D surface file

    Mus minutoides minutoides-1 View specimen

    M3#347

    .ply surfaces of the skull and masticatory muscles of Mus minutoides. Created with MorphoDig, .pos and .ntw files also included. Scans were obtained thanks to the Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier MRI platform.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.347   state:published




    Download 3D surface file


 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 04, issue 02 (2018)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: The first French tragulid skull (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Tragulidae) and associated tragulid remains from the Middle Miocene of Contres (Loir-et-Cher, France)
Bastien Mennecart Logo, Adrien de Perthuis and Loïc Costeur Logo
Published online: 23/11/2017

Keywords: Comparative anatomy; CT-scan; ear region; MN5; Systematics

https://doi.org/10.18563/m3.3.3.e4

  Abstract

    This contribution contains the 3D models described and figured in the following publication: Mennecart B., de Perthuis Ad., Rössner G.E., Guzmán J.A., de Perthuis Au., Costeur L. The first French tragulid skull (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Tragulidae) and associated tragulid remains from the Middle Miocene of Contres (Loir-et-Cher, France). Comptes Rendus Palévol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2017.08.004 

  Specimens

    Dorcatherium crassum NMB Fa.213.abg View specimen

    M3#181

    The 3D surface files of the specimen NMB Fa.213 are the reconstructions of the main skull fragments, the right petrosal bone, and the left bony labyrinth.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.181   state:published




    Download 3D surface file


 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 03, Issue 03 (2017)

PDF
Supplemental information for "Sensory anatomy of the most aquatic of carnivorans: the Antarctic Ross seal, and convergences with other mammals".
Ashley E. Latimer Logo, Cleopatra M. Loza Logo, Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra Logo and Alfredo A. Carlini
Published online: 23/11/2017

Keywords: aquatic; inner ear; Ommatophoca rossi; Phoca; semicircular canals

https://doi.org/10.18563/m3.3.4.e7

  Abstract

    Here, the semicircular canals of the most aquatic seal, the rare Antarctic Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii), are presented for the first time, along with representatives of every species in the Lobodontini: the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), and crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Because encounters with wild Ross seal are rare, and few specimens are available in collections worldwide, this dataset increases accessibility to a rare species. For further comparison, we present the bony labyrinths of other carnivorans, the elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), South American sea lion (Otaria byronia). 

  Specimens
 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 03, Issue 04 (2017)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: Internal tooth structure and burial practices: insights into the Neolithic necropolis of Gurgy (France, 5100-4000 cal. BC).
Mona Le Luyer Logo, Michael Coquerelle Logo, Stéphane Rottier Logo and Priscilla Bayle Logo
Published online: 25/07/2016

Keywords: modern humans; Neolithic; upper permanent second molars

https://doi.org/10.18563/m3.2.1.e1

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of external and internal aspects of human upper permanent second molars from the Neolithic necropolis analyzed in the following publication: Le Luyer M., Coquerelle M., Rottier S., Bayle P. (2016): Internal tooth structure and burial practices: insights into the Neolithic necropolis of Gurgy (France, 5100-4000 cal. BC). Plos One 11(7): e0159688. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159688

  Specimens
 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 02, Issue 01 (2016)

PDF
Holotype specimen of Donrussellia magna, an adapiform primate from the early Eocene (MP7) of Southern France
Anusha Ramdarshan, Marc Godinot Logo, Samuel Bédécarrats Logo and Rodolphe Tabuce Logo
Published online: 18/06/2015

Keywords: Adapiformes; Early Eocene; Holotype; Primates; Southern France

https://doi.org/10.18563/m3.1.2.e2

  Abstract

    This project presents a µCT dataset and an associated 3D surface model of the holotype of Donrussellia magna (UM PAT 17; Primates, Adapiformes). UM PAT17 is the only known specimen for the species and consists of a well-preserved left lower jaw with p4-m3. It documents one of the oldest European primates, eventually dated near the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum. 

  Specimens

    Donrussellia magna UM PAT 17 View specimen

    M3#17

    3D surface file model of UM PAT 17 (type specimen of Donrussellia magna), which is a well preserved left lower jaw with p4-m3. The teeth (and roots) were manually segmented.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf17   state:published




    Download 3D surface file

    M3#18

    CT Scan Data of Donrussellia magna UM PAT 17. Voxel size (in µm): 36µm (isotropic voxels). Dimensions in x,y,z : 594 pixels, 294 pixels, 1038 pixels. Image type : 8-bit voxels. Image format : raw data format (no header).

    Type: "3D_CT"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf18   state:published




    Download CT data


 
  M3 article infos

Published in Vol. 01, Issue 02 (2015)

PDF
The endocranial cast of Microchoerus erinaceus (Euprimates, Tarsiiformes).
Maëva J. Orliac Logo
Published online: 24/09/2015

Keywords: endocast; Late Eocene; Omomyiformes; Primate

https://doi.org/10.18563/m3.1.3.e4

  Abstract

    This contribution contains the 3D model described and figured in the following publication: Ramdarshan A., Orliac M.J., 2015. Endocranial morphology of Microchoerus erinaceus (Euprimates, Tarsiiformes) and early evolution of the Euprimates brain. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22868

      

  Specimens
 
  See original publication
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 01, Issue 03 (2015)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: New Loricata remains from the Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence (Middle-Upper Triassic), southern Brazil.
Letícia Rezende de Oliveira Logo, Atila A. Stock Da-Rosa Logo, Marcel, B. Lacerda Logo and Flávio A. Pretto Logo
Published online: 05/11/2022

Keywords: Dinodontosaurus AZ; Loricata; Middle Triassic; Prestosuchus

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.181

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models of an ilium, a vertebra, and a partial scapula of Prestosuchus sp. that were analyzed in “New Loricata remains from the Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence (Middle-Upper Triassic), southern Brazil”. 

  Specimens
 
  See original publication
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 08, issue 04 (2022)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: New record of Neosaimiri (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) from the late Middle Miocene of Peruvian Amazonia
 
Laurent Marivaux Logo, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi Logo and Pierre-Olivier Antoine Logo
Published online: 10/07/2020

Keywords: Laventan; Neogene; Paleobiogeography; Peru; Tropical South America

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.119

  Abstract

    This contribution contains the 3D models of the fossil teeth of a small-bodied platyrrhine primate, Neosaimiri cf. fieldsi (Cebinae, Cebidae, Platyrrhini) discovered from Laventan deposits (late Middle Miocene) of Peruvian Amazonia, San Martín Department (TAR-31: Tarapoto/Juan Guerra vertebrate fossil-bearing locus n°31). These fossils were described and figured in the following publication: Marivaux et al. (2020), New record of Neosaimiri (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) from the late Middle Miocene of Peruvian Amazonia. Journal of Human Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102835 

  Specimens
 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 06, issue 03 (2020)

PDF
3D model related to the publication: three-dimensional and histological observations on male genital organs of greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.
Joon H. Sohn, Junpei Kimura Logo and Daisuke Koyabu Logo
Published online: 08/10/2020

Keywords: convergence; Evolution; homology; reproductive organ; Yinpterochiroptera

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.113

  Abstract

    The present Dataset contains the 3D model of the male genital organs of greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. This is the first detailed 3D structure of the soft-tissue genital organs of bats. The 3D model was generated using microCT and techniques of virtual reconstruction. 

  Specimens
 
  See original publication
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 06, issue 05 (2020)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian
Morgane Dubied Logo, Floréal Solé Logo and Bastien Mennecart Logo
Published online: 09/09/2021

Keywords: brain; ecology; Eocene; Hyaenodonta; phylogeny

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.84

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in the article : Dubied et al. (2021), Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2021, https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00771.2020 

  Specimens
 
  See original publication
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 07, issue 03 (2021)

PDF
Skeletogenesis during the late embryonic development of the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula (Chondrichthyes; Neoselachii)
Sébastien Enault, Sylvain Adnet Logo and Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud Logo
Published online: 25/04/2016

Keywords: Chondrichthyes; development; mineralization; Scyliorhinus canicula; skeleton

https://doi.org/10.18563/m3.1.4.e2

  Abstract

    Current knowledge on the skeletogenesis of Chondrichthyes is scarce compared with their extant sister group, the bony fishes. Most of the previously described developmental tables in Chondrichthyes have focused on embryonic external morphology only. Due to its small body size and relative simplicity to raise eggs in laboratory conditions, the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula has emerged as a reference species to describe developmental mechanisms in the Chondrichthyes lineage. Here we investigate the dynamic of mineralization in a set of six embryonic specimens using X-ray microtomography and describe the developing units of both the dermal skeleton (teeth and dermal scales) and endoskeleton (vertebral axis). This preliminary data on skeletogenesis in the catshark sets the first bases to a more complete investigation of the skeletal developmental in Chondrichthyes. It should provide comparison points with data known in osteichthyans and could thus be used in the broader context of gnathostome skeletal evolution. 

  Specimens
 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 01, Issue 04 (2016)

PDF
3D model related to the publication: The inner ear of Megatherium and the evolution of the vestibular system in sloths.
Guillaume Billet Logo, Damien Germain Logo, Irina Ruf Logo, Christian de Muizon Logo and Lionel Hautier Logo
Published online: 24/02/2015

Keywords: bony labyrinth; inner ear; Megatherium; Sloth

https://doi.org/10.18563/m3.1.2.e3

  Abstract

    This contribution contains the 3D model described and figured in the following publication: Billet G., Germain D., Ruf I., Muizon C. de, Hautier L. 2013. The inner ear of Megatherium and the evolution of the vestibular system in sloths. Journal of Anatomy 123:557-567, DOI: 10.1111/joa.12114

  Specimens

    Megatherium americanum MNHN.F.PAM276 View specimen

    M3#14

    This model corresponds to a virtually reconstructed bony labyrinth of the right inner ear of the skull MNHN-F-PAM 276, attributed to the extinct giant ground sloth Megatherium americanum. The fossil comes from Pleistocene deposits at Rio Salado (Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina). The bony labyrinth of Megatherium shows semicircular canals that are proportionally much larger than in the modern two-toed and three-toed sloths. The cochlea in Megatherium shows 2.5 turns, which is a rather high value within Xenarthra. Overall, the shape of the bony labyrinth of Megatherium resembles more that of extant armadillos than that of its extant sloth relatives.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf14   state:published




    Download 3D surface file


 
  See original publication
  M3 article infos

Published in Vol. 01, Issue 02 (2015)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: First records of extinct kentriodontid and squalodelphinid dolphins from the Upper Marine Molasse (Burdigalian age) of Switzerland and a reappraisal of the Swiss cetacean fauna.
Gabriel Aguirre-Fernández Logo, Jürg Jost and Sarah Hilfiker Logo
Published online: 19/04/2022

Keywords: bony labyrinth; inner ear; Kentriodontidae; Physeteridae; Squalodelphinidae

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.159

  Abstract

    This contribution contains the 3D models described and figured in the following publication: Aguirre-Fernández G, Jost J, and Hilfiker S. 2022. First records of extinct kentriodontid and squalodelphinid dolphins from the Upper Marine Molasse (Burdigalian age) of Switzerland and a reappraisal of the Swiss cetacean fauna. 

  Specimens
 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 08, issue 02 (2022)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic contribution of intracranial osseous canals and cavities in armadillos and glyptodonts (Xenarthra, Cingulata)
Kévin Le Verger Logo, Laureano Gonzalez Ruiz and Guillaume Billet Logo
Published online: 07/04/2023

Keywords: alveolar cavities; canals; cingulata; cranial anatomy; evolutionary scenarios.

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.157

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in the following publication: Le Verger K., González Ruiz L.R., Billet G. 2021. Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic contribution of intracranial osseous canals and cavities in armadillos and glyptodonts (Xenarthra, Cingulata). Journal of Anatomy 00: 1-30 p. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13512 

  Specimens
 
  See original publication
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 09, issue 02 (2023)

PDF
3D model related to the publication: The scaly skin of the abelisaurid Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia
Christophe Hendrickx Logo and Phil Bell
Published online: 14/08/2021

Keywords: Abelisauridae; Integument; non-avian Theropoda; Scales

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.149

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in Hendrickx, C. and Bell, P. R. 2021. The scaly skin of the abelisaurid Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. Cretaceous Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104994 

  Specimens

    Carnotaurus sastrei MACN 894 View specimen

    M3#802

    3D reconstruction of the biggest patch of skin (~1200 cm2) from the anterior tail region of the holotype of Carnotaurus, which is the largest single patch of squamous integument available for any saurischian. The skin consists of medium to large (up to 65 mm in diameter) conical feature scales surrounded by a network of low and small (< 14 mm) irregular basement scales separated by narrow interstitial tissue.

    Type: "3D_surfaces"

    doi: 10.18563/m3.sf.802   state:published




    Download 3D surface file


 
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 07, issue 03 (2021)

PDF
3D model related to the publication: Presence of the ground sloth Valgipes bucklandi (Xenarthra, Folivora, Scelidotheriinae) in southern Uruguay during the Late Pleistocene: Ecological and biogeographical implications
Luciano Varela Logo, Carolina Lobato and Pablo S. Tambusso Logo
Published online: 24/06/2021

Keywords: Ground sloth; Mylodontidae; Quaternary; Scelidotheriinae; South America

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.147

  Abstract

    The present 3D Dataset contains the 3D model analyzed in Presence of the ground sloth Valgipes bucklandi (Xenarthra, Folivora, Scelidotheriinae) in southern Uruguay during the Late Pleistocene: Ecological and biogeographical implications. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.011 

  Specimens
 
  See original publication
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 07, issue 02 (2021)

PDF
3D models related to the publication: Postcranial morphology of the extinct rodent Neoepiblema (Rodentia: Chinchilloidea): insights into the paleobiology of neoepiblemids
Leonardo Kerber Logo, Adriana M. Candela Logo, José D. Ferreira Logo, Flávio A. Pretto Logo, Jamile Bubadué Logo and Francisco R. Negri Logo
Published online: 20/10/2021

Keywords: Chinchilloidea; functional morphology; Giant rodents; Neogene; Solimões Formation.

https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.140

  Abstract

    This contribution contains the 3D models of postcranial bones (humerus, ulna, innominate, femur, tibia, astragalus, navicular, and metatarsal III) described and figured in the following publication: “Postcranial morphology of the extinct rodent Neoepiblema (Rodentia: Chinchilloidea): insights into the paleobiology of neoepiblemids”. 

  Specimens
 
  See original publication
  M3 article infos

Published in Volume 07, issue 04 (2021)

PDF

Page 7 of 10, showing 20 record(s) out of 196 total